Urwerk UR-110 Torpedo ZrN "Champagne Supernova"

January 31 - before the press kit Urwerk UR-110 I tried to myself immersed in the creation of new and Felix Martin, interpreters always in Haute Horlogerie mechanical design solutions and quite futuristic.

Almost two months later then at Baselworld 2011, the movie I touched hands and Its operation that - "threatening" - 3 h and satellites That His mimicry with rotate on the dial as many fighter planes in combat formation. Watch this short video.

Yesterday Urwerk - Directly from the ITS "special department" http://www.urwerk-rarespecies.com Launched the new UR-110 Torpedo ZrN - Otherwise said "Champagne Supernova" . This is a very special zirconium nitride Torpedo to be built in only 12 samples to be sold through Exclusively Chronopassion (Paris), Marcus (London), The Hour Glass (Singapore) and Westime (Los Angeles).

If you know Already Know That Urwerk Among her teachers there is the use of high-tech materials . Zirconium Nitride - ZrN - is a ceramic coating with a machine-tool work with just A Few microns thickness of the metal That Gives the recipient - in this case the lunette blasted steel - an incredible hardness (2000 Vickers is Called). The processing result is a big resistance to scratches, use, corrosion donating to this RH-110 Reflections of light-colored "champagne".

Felix Baumgartner - Part of the castes of AHCI independent watchmakers Explains: " The beauty of RH-110 is In Its apparent simplicity, For Him we have radically different technical solutions Adopted from our previous creations: "Continuous" Instead of using ball bearings to fixed axis runs the full height of the clock, maximum rigidity with minimum Providing play. The complication of the carousel is perfectly balanced and Entirely on this axis . "
Curiosity

But why this particular Torpedo Urwerk Gave HIM the nickname "Champagne Supernova"?

It is inspired by the space. Long ago in a galaxy far, far away, a white dwarf star, rich in carbon and oxygen, exploded in a giant thermonuclear reaction. The resulting Has Been Called a supernova SNLS-03D3bb and revolutionized astronomy as it was found two times more Powerful than you thought to Celestial Body Like That Could Never Achieve.

It Took Four billion years of Evidence That the sun Reached That cataclysm the earth in the form of an unusual pale yellow light. SNLS-03D3bb was Discovered April 24, 2003, and soon nicknamed 'Champagne Supernova'.

If your eye has already fallen on the image below, you will probably be irretrievably been dazzled by the new Zenith Christophe Colomb an incredible new limited edition from the collection of Haute Horlogerie the House, so do not wait to continue reading this post.

Although the design of this masterpiece was announced over two years ago by former leaders of the House on the route of Thierry Nataf Defi Xtreme Tourbillon Zero-GJean-Frédéric Dufour - current CEO of the House - but he wanted to exploit it by giving it a completely new classical, and above all closer to the true roots of the brand.


So in a yellow gold case, 18K pink or white gold completely redesigned, but with 45 mm diameter remains of enormous size, that's ahead of you Christophe Colomb moved by mechanical movement Calibre 8804 and featuring an Academy escapement that rises from the crystal gyro with very convex front face at 6 o'clock and slightly also in the bottom. Of course, "traveling" at 36,000 alternations / hour, the so-called "high frequency" for over forty years the flag of Zenith. 
The silver dial has guilloche worked on "Grain d'Orge" except for the section of the small seconds at "Clou de Paris" with Roman numerals and indices blacks. The hands are blued and acciatio indicate hours, minutes, seconds and riseva charge at 3 o'clock.



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Light types and qualities

The Lighting continues in the Photography or when Film and TV (But also in the Stage Technology) To design a scene through the use of natural or artificial light apart. Your score is the Illumination.

The lights can be distinguished by several criteria:

    * (Technical) OriginSee also Natural light and Artificial light
    * Color: This can be achieved by Color temperature or, particularly in fluorescent lamps and gas discharge through the spectral Composition are described.
    * Duration of illuminationThe sun, moon, and fluorescent lamps provide a constant light (see Steady), Natural Lightning or photographic Flashlight illuminate the scene a short time and are thus able to freeze motion.
    * Hardness of the light: Pointwise and flat, but distant light sources provide a so-called hard light, which is characterized by high contrast and clearly discernible shadow. Former light (Softboxes, reflectors) are able to produce from hard light soft light. An overcast sky is thus a huge softbox for the nearly point-like sun. Similarly, extensive artificial light sources are available.

    * Spatial extent of light: A light source can illuminate only a delimited area with more or less sharp edges (spot) or the entire room.
    * Direction of light: As a frontal light as seen by the camera, Sidelight from left or right Backlight from the look of the camera, light from above and light from below.

# The guiding light. The viewing habits of the people have always been with the light situation an almost point-like light source (sun or moon) familiar. The classic illumination falls back on it and is also a dominant light that casts (often the only light in the scene) and shade. This is the guiding light. Often the scene towards the camera or from the left or right is lit above the camera. A guiding light from directly above the scene, causing deep shadows in the eye sockets, a light from below looks unusual and can also provide very dramatic, eerie scenes. This also applies to a back light as light guide. The guiding light may illuminate not only the scene in the center of the stationary objects and persons, it is the preferred means to draw the viewers attention on the essentials. The quality of light can be hard or soft.

# The brightening. Particularly hard as courtesy lights or run counter and side lights to high light contrasts, from the Density range the film or sensor can no longer be processed. Some subjects will also be flattered by lower contrasts (eg Beauty-Light in portrait photography). This is the task of lightening that illuminate the light from the guide less taken more points. This is a soft, light shade throwing well suited to guide the light to not take his dominance. As lightening, artificial light sources and reflectors are used.

# Effect of light (or edge, light hair, see also Highlight). This is mostly from direct light behind your subject that will help, for example, distinguish a person from the background (luster in hair). The light intensity is often high, the quality of light hard.

# Other light sources. For example, to illuminate the background, and can also be made with transmitted light through the background (see also Chamfer) Or to accentuate other parts of the subject

In the Mixture of light sources Note that these may differ in color temperature. If the resulting colors in the image are not desired, the light sources should have a uniform color temperature. This can be especially when lightening pictures in natural light or when the normal ambient lighting should continue to act to change the picture, and strong. Reflectors may provide better results than flash.

A excessive whitening can be perceived by the eye impression of the scene completely change in nature. For example, this would mean a comfortable Candlelight Dinners suppress with a strong flash to fully light the candles. Likewise, the viewer is expected that the sunlit world outside the window appears brighter than the interior of the room. (See also: Fill)

The Mixture of short bright light (flash) with the ambient light may in accordance with a long exposure time an impression of movement of moving parts of the image left on the otherwise static photo. It was only the flash on second curtain and thus just before the end of the exposure will be ignited by lightning in order to fix the frozen part of the movement in the direction of motion.

Different colors of light can by their Color contrast also be used as a design tool. As an example, the inclusion in a winter cabin in which the interior is bathed in warm light and the outside world from the cold-blue window appears, it is noted. The excessive lightening of the interior with a cold light in correspondence with our viewing habits might seem unnatural here.



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Franck Muller Aeternitas Mega 4

New for 2011, the Senator Automatic is a fitting tribute to the centuries-old tradition of fine craftsmanship Glashütte Original watches. 

It already shows a deep respect for the classical approach traditionally followed in designing a watch: thin black Roman numerals, in fact adorn a silver dial surrounded by an elegant small to "chemin de fer". The harmony of the dial is complemented by blue steel balls for hours and minutes, as well as the thin blue sphere of the latter is decorated at its end by a counterweight to the traditional double G. 
The sapphire crystal with double anti-reflective coating allows a clear reading of this pure classic design. The cabinet is made ??of lustrous pink gold.

The sapphire crystal case back allows the eye of the beautiful vision of the heart dell'intenditore clock, offering, thus, further incontrovertible proof of the valuable art of watchmaking Glashütte Original manufacture. This is the 39-59 caliber, a movement with automatic winding, meticulously finished and made entirely by hand at their own manufacture, with 28,800 a / h and a power reserve of 40 hours.

Significant characteristics of this movement are superb, among others, the steel components polished to a mirror, the anglage, the precious swan-neck micrometric, the rubies in settings of gold screwed, the traditional Glashütte three-quarter plate and skeletonized rotor, both decorated with ribbon Glashütte.

The Senator Automatic is also available with stainless steel. Both the gold and the steel has a black strap handcrafted leather alligator Louisiana with buckle closure.

Franck Muller Aeternitas Mega 4: TODAY is the most complicated watch in the world

Franck Muller Patek Philippe 36 to 33 beats! It is not the result of a game of handball: it is " just a settling of scores "between the Manufacture de Haute Horlogerie in Geneva: Mega Aeternitas 4 has become the most complicated watch in the world for three points down on the Calibre 89 of Patek Philippe .

In 'Empire salon exclusive setting of the Hotel de Paris in Monaco, Saturday, November 7 last the watchmaker Franck Muller has delivered to its owner Mr. Michael J. Gould, the model Aeternitas Mega 4 capable of displaying 36 complications , of which 25 visible in the rear quadrant. To obtain such a mechanism was needed 1483 individual pieces.

Gould arrived in Monaco with his private jet with family and friends from Colorado. Franck Muller and Vartan Sirmakes his partner partners Watchvalley - name of the corporation Muller - before an audience of 400 invited handed him his new toy, which has also become with its $ 2.7 million, the ' clock most expensive ever sold outside of an auction.

Honor the winners, but also to the vanquished! The competition always exalted level of the game ... But we must tell the truth to do even two considerations:

The first is that Aeternitas Mega 4 is also the wristwatch far more complicated world , it has also beaten the great Vacheron Constantin Tour de l'Ile for 36 to 16 (complications)!

The second, however, is that there It took twenty years to get this record: despite the Haute Horlogerie is always bound by statute to some rules of the past, technology and know-how of how to interpret it, has grown greatly in recent years. Finally remember that the Patek Philippe Calibre 89 is also consists of 1728 pieces. I wonder if the arrival dell'Aeternitas 4 Mega resize value "of the king" who had allafine down from his throne?

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Laser scanners produce one or more contrast-color vector graphics

A projector ( Lat.  proiacere "forward throw, throw") is an optical device that is designed to image a surface (canvas) one usually magnified image of an object or image data by computer. Practical applications include the presentation of slides , pictures, graphics or data in presentations , demonstration of computer programs that substitute for a blackboard and film screenings . Projectors for connection to analog and digital signal sources such as computers or video recorders are also video projectors or short Beamer called. Special technical projection applications are in the 3-D optical measurement technology, for example, in the light projection , or the light-section method .

Optical projectors as essential optical elements of a very bright light source and a projection lens , with the help of a person in an appropriate distance projection generates a magnified image of a real, ie physically present smaller image or original.

Exception: imaging solar telescope

By light projectors ( Diaskope ), for example, the slide projector or overhead projector . By light projectors radiate through a medium, like a slide or a printed plastic film or described. Are high-contrast black and white projections of demand, is used instead of a positive film on glass deposited metal masks (see also Gobo ).

From the light source emanating light rays are initially undirected, ie they do not illuminate the medium as a parallel beam. The alignment ( collimation ) of the light rays from the condenser over. The information provided with the image light beam is then passed through a projection lens onto a screen projected . film projectors , enlargers and microfilm readers basically operate similarly. Some video projectors project a transparent liquid crystal display .

Projectors that map the diffusely scattered light of a backscattering object are episcopes . For example, a book page, illuminated and the backscattered light projected on the wall. Episcope are faint and require strong light sources.

Micromirror array (DMD short), often in video projectors are used to use, the reflection of a light beam at small movable mirrors to project images and movies. The mirrors are located on a micro chip and can be individually controlled digitally. Each mirror (pixel) has two positions. In one, he reflects the light to the imaging optics, so that the bright spot appears in the projection. In the other it reflects the light passing to the point of the optics and thus appears dark in the image. With this technique can not only still images but also videos , or the output of a computer screen can be projected.


In laser projection can be generated directly on the screen raster or vector-oriented graphics. It is a non-imaging optical projection. When laser projector to be three in a grid pattern (usually by moving mirror optics ) on the projection surface guided laser beams used the primary colors red, green and blue, which can be individually modulated in brightness.


Using lasers can to light shows projections of individual lines and multiple lines can be generated. While in single lines refractive optics is used (Powell lenses, cylindrical lenses), allow diffractive optical elements in combination with Powell lenses, the projection of multiple lines and matrices.

A carousel or carrousel magazine is used for the continuous operation of a slide projector. In it, all slides in a circle arranged and then fall, depending on the choice before the lenses accordingly (chute principle). Slide change when the slide is pushed back up, the carousel is rotated and the next image before the lens moves.

Another technique is the magazine rack .

The first projector was probably the magic lantern (Latin), "Magic Lantern". It was built in different versions. With one of these designs could be used to create a smooth transition between two images by the projection lamp slowly slid up and down. There are also triple projectors with screens for non-stop change. At the beginning of the 20th Century were offered combined projectors, the transmitted light as well as functioning as a front projector [1] .

At the beginning of photography , it was only possible from photographic plates by contact copy photos to develop and to look at. Later, techniques were developed to the images with a magnification device to produce magnified or when they slide to a wider audience. Thus the way was paved for the small screen, because it was no longer necessary to shoot in the format for the resulting image.

The first small-screen slide comes from Leitz (Wetzlar) and published in 1926, one year after the first miniature camera ( Leica ) was brought to market. This projector (ureja) was the forefather of all the projectors, which later merged with magazine guide, Auto Focus , blending technology and remote viewing of slides allowed. In the course of digitization in the photography, there are now only a few manufacturers of these projectors.

In European cinemas were in the silent projectors from the 1920s Ernemann , Goerz , Zeiss , Gaumont and AEG most widely used. In the cinema of the so-called Abwinkl was very popular, a device which causes the images to some extent from the area on the screen and then fly away from her. A projection equipment that spared the footage particularly in the band not the movie jerks, but continuously went through made ??Ernst Leitz before: the Mechau projector , named after its inventor Emil Mechau . Despite some advantages, he was ultimately too big and too expensive to be able to come out in theaters.

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Construction of 35mm film

35-mm (normal movie, small movie screen, movie-KB) is a film format in which the film strips 35 mm wide. Originally only for capturing Moving pictures (Movies) Is used, it was later discovered as a practical photo size. First miniature photo camera was a Leica Leitz. The Small Image Photography quickly established itself, especially in the field of photojournalism, these are in the order of Photography most widely used film format in the Packaging as 135. In the meantime, the once-dominant 35-mm-format digital production methods in the still photography largely suppressed, even at the movie now, the majority of all cameras sold digital the format and uses no film.
Similar to Roll film the film strip on a plastic (previously metal) coil wound, but then packed in a light-tight metal cartridge. Until the fifties into the assembly by such a film cartridge of 35 mm per meter was quite common. The Film cartridge is inserted directly into the miniature camera. In the early days of the camera technology was threading the projecting out of the cartridge Film leader on the take-up spool of the camera and inserting one of the film itself - depending on the make - sometimes even difficult matter. Up to a few manufacturers were soon developed solutions and disseminate this also allowed with little patience and dexterity satisfactory and safe. In 1967, the PL System (Pentacon Loading) introduced in Praktica cameras. Today, miniature cameras with motorized film transport usually do well to thread automatically.

Separate replaceable Movie MagazineAs in Medium format cameras usual, there are only in exceptional cases. Some manufacturers offer a few professional SLR, but for so-called feature-length film magazines with a supply of 100 or even 250 images, which are recognized instead of the normal camera back.

The film strip must be rewound after exposure to the cartridge so that it is not removed from the film chamber exposed to ambient light, a film by alternating between is possible, but relatively expensive. To rewind release lever must be one or more (usually at the bottom of the case), press it for propulsion usually responsible spiked roller to the next exposure (on the new film) disengages.

When rewinding the film tongue usually returns and safety reasons all in the cartridge, which will prevent re-use of already exposed film, but also a higher risk in the cartridge incident scattered light contains within itself, as the film, the cartridge jaw not as tightly. For this reason KB cartridges are always sold by all manufacturers in an additional jars. Accidentally collected a film can do with a tongue or a Filmrückholer accordingly paperclip remove.

In modern SLR with automatic film advance you can often set in the context of specific user settings that will automatically rewound after the last exposure of the film or whether the operation should be at end of film exclusively triggered manually by pressing a button. In this context one can usually define whether the film should be rewound tongue generally in the cartridge or not, or whether this should happen only when triggered manually rewind. Likewise, some cameras can also select the Rewind (and sometimes even change during the rewinding), faster transport, if the re-dedication is in the foreground, slowly, when (as in a church) should not interfere.

Some modern cameras also have facilities for preventing the accidental exposure of a film by opening the tailgate. Some compact cameras solve when trying to open the back wall, first from an automatic rewind. Other cameras hide the wound film under a flap, so that will be exposed at an opening in the best case, only 3 to 4 images.

Although this basic principle does not change, so some manufacturers offer in this context, noteworthy special features. So fast forward on some of the modern SLR film directly after loading the last image and then gradually pulled back after every shot in the cartridge. The advantage is that it allows for the camera exactly the length of the movie after you put it is (for example, and a residual image display without DX code possible) that all pre-exposure photographs safe in preventing accidental opening of the cartridge are the back wall and that eliminates the unpleasant Rückspulgeräusch perhaps unexpectedly during photography.

Other cameras offer a so-called Mid-reload function on that lets you rewind the film into the cartridge at any time and for example after a successful film can change just rewind to the old image position - with a repeatability of less than one millimeter.

Even with the use of full-length film magazines, the procedure differs in part from the normal procedure outlined above, by the rewinding of the film is usually omitted. Thus the film, for example, directly from a filled special cartridge in an identical empty cartridge is wound, which are in principle also be taken out individually, but may remain for an even faster changing film in a special double bet that one exchanges during photography easy against a prepared another dual.


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Startimer Alpine Classic: The Collection

Alpina Geneva is proud to present its new collection Startimer Classic , a fascinating range of contemporary timepieces, modeled after the original Pilot Alpina of the 20s and 30s. The functional design of the Alpine Startimer Pilot has been wisely revisited creating a collection of more traditional, slightly less sporty but with a high wearability, while maintaining the classic charm that characterizes the entire Alpine range Startimer.

For two decades, Alpina Watch International is a renowned specialist manufacturer and supplier of official military watches for pilots. These early pioneers had strict requirements: their tools must be extremely accurate and provide maximum impact resistance. Today, Alpine uses these historical designs as the basis for a new collection of functional and contemporary timepieces, all finely decorated with silver dial.

Startimer Classic Collection is available in two different sizes. The first is a version of automatic three hands and date (cal. TO-525) with stainless steel indices and stainless steel finish or polished pink gold. The second version is the Chrono-Automatic (cal. TO-860), with two lap counters and stainless steel case, available with indices finished in polished steel or pink gold. The Chrono-Automatic is also available in a special variant of classical with telemeter scale on the dial.

The Startimer Collection evokes the fascinating history of Alpina and its commitment to ensuring reliability and professionalism. A century later, Alpine continues to drive innovation, always respecting the fundamental values of the brand: a design clean, clean, linear combining past, present and future.

Chrono-Automatic - Specifications

Reference: AL-860SCP4S6
Movement
Caliber AL-860 Automatic Chronograph
Power reserve: 42 hours
Black Mountain Rotor decorated with Côtes de Genève

Functions
Hours, minutes, seconds, chronograph

Case
Stainless Steel - built in 2 parts - diameter: 44 mm
Crystal: Sapphire front and back
screwed down crown and caseback
Water Resistance: 10 ATM

Dial
Silver, with large Arabic numerals and indices blacks nickel hand-applied
superluminova hands coated with white triangle on the Alpine Chronograph

Strap
Black / Brown crocodile buckle Alpina
Brand new TUDOR of 2011 are the result of careful stylistic research and propose a concept of a thoroughly modern and sophisticated brand, the result of a subtle balance between aesthetics and performance techniques. Tudor became an icon of chic back, an expression of functionality, reliability and seduction. As in the past, the house pays tribute to its unique values and a tradition more than sixty years of presenting the collection Grantour.
TUDOR adds a new dimension to the line Grantour, dedicated to motor sports enthusiasts, with a new design and Grantour Grantour Date Chrono and the introduction of a new model, the Fly-Back Chronograph Grantour. This allows you to more quickly measure intervals of time due to resetting of the chronograph function and its immediate wake.

42 mm case with the same dates and the Grantour Chrono GrantourThe new model is equipped with a button fly-back red. The dial is decorated with a wedge-shaped element, which partially surrounds the seconds counter at 9 o'clock, alluding to the engine drive belts. The Fly-Back Chronograph Grantour and available in steel and, for the first time in the range TUDOR, steel and pink gold 18 ct.

Grantour line and equipped with safety buttons bi-stable locking to an eighth of a turn, and elongated loops and technology with a satin finish. Numerous novelties, such as indices and smoothed and placed in an increase of the totalizer, intervene to complement the design of the watches Date, Chronograph Fly-Back Chrono Grantour line.


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Its all about camera men

When one speaks of the film, usually have only to name the actor and those of the best directors. But the movie is on many other Filmmakers depend on their proportion of the development just as important as those of actors and directors.
One of these "transition" of professional categories is the camera man. He has the difficult task to create the atmosphere in pictures to capture on canvas.

The indicator is a filmmaker without a doubt the Oscar, primarily for the English and American artists. This also applies to the cameraman. The Oscar has been the foundation The Academy also awarded in 1928 in the category of camera. One of the most successful Camera men - if you take the nominations as a benchmark - Charles Bryant Lang, Jr. (1902-1998) with 18 nominations (he won but Only one 1933), conferred with the most statues, Joseph Ruttenberg (1898-1983) with four Oscars in 1938, 1942, 1956 and 1958.

A film will be shot by a camera man only rarely, usually exists a whole team around the head camera man (who is also on the Academy Awards is taken into account) and is responsible for the ideas of the director put on celluloid. Then there is the first assistant for the the image is in charge and the second assistant, who the sharpness monitored. Furthermore, there are some employees who for the door, the camera car, etc., are responsible.

Significant photographic innovations were often the result of productive Collaborations between director and cinematographer. Examples are Schüfftan Eugene (1893-1977) and Fritz Lang (1890-1976), for whose film "Metropolis" (26) he Schüfftan the process to perfection (1928-1999) developed, then Geoffrey Unsworth (1914-1978) by Stanley Kubrick or John Alcott (1931-1986), also with Stanley Kubrick.
The best-known pioneer Gregg Toland created (1904-1948) in Movies like "Citizen Kane" (41) and "The Best Years of Our Lives" (46), where he designed himself with wide angle lenses for the specialist extreme depth of field was.

Usually, the camera man rarely wins recognition among the general Audience. A movie wisdom says that the best camera people and the are the most adaptable and the different needs of directors implement the optimal image.

There is probably no other area in the film, in which so few women were able to make a name like the camera work. What the lies is hard to say. It is hoped that in the next Years, women have also come into play in big movies and their female View open up new perspectives and perhaps new ideas set for the film. 


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Sensitivity of film or sensor

The light sensitivity of film and the sensor is now predominantly in ISO specified. The number of common values is:

ISO 100 - 200 - 400-800

Here, the ascending sequence of numbers is not only mathematically, a doubling of the previous value, but a film with the next highest ISO rating is twice as light sensitive as the previous, in reverse order of half as sensitive to light.

The choice depends on the sensitivity of the first subject contrast from. Is the difference between light (not white) and shade (not black) in the motif very large, it therefore has a large number of finely differentiated shades, choose the higher sensitivity, because it has a flatter gradation exhibits and play thus finer detail in the situation. Accordingly, low subject contrast when one chooses a low sensitivity, because the gradation is steeper and has less differentiated nuances.

Increases with increasing sensitivity but at the appearance of his films graininess in digital cameras, the image noise . Therefore, should be sufficient and are elected only in exceptional situations, a low sensitivity, such as when documents scanned or contrast with creative viewpoint only a few details to be played or the recording light is too strong, high sensitivity, for most subjects, a mean value from the above series of numbers when the recording light is too weak.

If the sensitivity of the recording medium once firmly determined, only the values of aperture and exposure time.
Aperture is usually made even a single thin plate opening formed in the lenses , whose diameters are often enlarged by turning a ring on the outside of the lenses or zoom can. Then said aperture , the ratio of aperture to focal length of an optical system. A telephoto lens for example from 50 mm free aperture (D) and 200 mm focal length (f) has the diaphragm D: f = 50: 200 = 1: 4, also f / written 4th The opening itself is in contrast to other optical devices in the photographic lens is not specified because it is for the photographic practice without any further meaning. Called only focal length and aperture, ie: 200 mm - f / 4, where the panel stated (here 4), the largest of the adjustable lens and thus its luminosity known. Conventional panels are:

f / 1,4 - 2 to 2.8 - 4 - 5.6 - 8 - 11 - 16 - 22

Here are small f-numbers - so big openings - only achievable with fixed focal lengths. Intermediate stages are possible, as many zoom lenses have a maximum aperture of f / 3.5, which corresponds to the level between 2,8 and 4.

Since the aperture is a reciprocal value, represents a large, wide-open aperture, a small aperture and a small, tightly closed aperture a large aperture. In the specified order from level to level, the aperture of the lens and thus halve the exposure to the recording medium acting, doubled in the reverse order. We are talking about the difference in the exposure that comes with adjusting to a panel concluded, as the aperture value, and exposure value (EV) called. Thus corresponds to an aperture of a light sensitivity level. Therefore, a picture can, for example, which was exposed at ISO 400 and aperture 16 may be made at a constant exposure time exposure with the same result even with ISO 200 and aperture 11th

The panel serves not only the exposure, but it also defines the depth in the image. Should stand out from the object to be photographed blurred background, choose a large aperture. If, by contrast from foreground to background in the field are equally into it, take a small aperture.

The stopping of a lens can not be operated at will, because its optical resolution is proportional to its aperture ratio (D f). The larger the aperture and the smaller the focal length, the greater the resolution. With the closing of the aperture is at a constant focal length and therefore the resolving power of the lens is reduced. The situation is similar with the resolution of a film or sensor, which corresponds to its granularity or the number of its pixels. The more fine-grained the better the resolution. Comparing the resolving power of the lens and the medium together, it usually arrives at aperture 16 in the range where the resolution of the lens undermines the resolution of the recording material. General Image blur is the result.


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Definitions of marriage

Marriage is historically and religiously, the “union of one man and one woman “. It is the solemn and formal act which established between a married couple living community called “family "(or home , fire , cleaning ...) whose goal is symbolic or actual meeting of man and woman and the education of children born to the couple. In traditional societies, marriage is the implicit alliance between two families or two clans.

For several years, ten Western countries, and six states in the United States and the City of Mexico, have also provided the possibility of gay marriage. The Quebec Termium gives a broader definition of marriage as "the lawful union of two people, usually men and women, as provided by law to live together”. Similarly, the 2011 edition of Webster's defines marriage as "the lawful union of two persons as provided by law" and cites the "gay marriage".

Next to the wedding, there are other forms of union: the cohabitation is a form of informal association of a couple whiles the civil union (eg in France called PACS), onset offers a formalization of the torque effects generally more limited than marriage. 

Marriage is an institution that has taken many forms in different people and in history. Universally designed to punish a framework dedicated to the development of the family , marriage gives special status to husband: it empowers the person, who became major , and gives her obligations to her husband, her future offspring and family spouse. The institution of marriage still gives rise to a ceremonial public, often at a party , the whole being called " marriage " . Marriage has a legal as well as ritual (secular or religious). In countries where political institutions are separate from religious institutions, there are the civil marriage of religious marriage (which usually requires a civil marriage first).

In some cases, spouses cannot remarry until the first is valid, it is called system monogamous. This type of union, required since ancient times, as the Gallic tradition, which by tradition Christian, is found in the positive law of all countries in Europe. In other times and other places, marriage may be contracted simultaneously with several people at once, the system is then said polygamous. In a number of countries, especially African and Arab to Muslim culture, but also among the Mormons in the nineteenth century who practiced plural marriage, polygamous marriage is between a man with several women: the polygyny . The polyandry is the marriage of a woman with several men, a type of polygamous unions practiced in some countries in Asia.

The marriage was at all times one of the main themes of inspiration from painting, sculpture, mythology, literature, novels, folk tales, music, dramatic arts, song, the opera and comic opera, the singers. It was the subject of considerable study in the field of legal history, comparative law, sociology and ethnology.
The concept of marriage encompasses several realities:
Marriage is both a personal act and a social act.

He brought a mixed, both institutional and contractual.
This union can be civil when it is recorded by a registrar appointed by the state or religious when it is recorded by the priest of a religion.

Marriage is always a commitment for an unlimited period, with the possibility of rupture, either by separation or the divorce. It is not accepted by some religions, like Catholicism, which admits only the annulment of the marriage in particular because of imperfect consent of the spouses or lack of consumption.

Marriage means in principle a community of life, that is to say, to live together and have sex , their inability or refusal may be, by country and period, a cause of cancellation or divorce.

As he sealed a lasting union, the marriage can be made to serve political purposes (alliances between lineages or tribes, seal peace between two kingdoms ...) or economic (transfer of property, obtaining capital, a dot).

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Video technology sensitometry

The term sensitometry is to DIN standard 19 040 (part 12) defines as: "Investigation of the properties of radiation-sensitive photographic materials and the various steps of the photographic process."

Especially in photography and in film and video technology sensitometry is the collective name for methods of measurement, with those properties, such as the sensitivity of photographic materials can be determined. Particular term for the measurement of light sensitivity of photographic papers.

As is known in the sensitometry photographic technique and the pre-press to measure the light sensitivity of a light-sensitive emulsion , eg a film or a plate .

Simply explained: sensitometry is concerned with what made for an effect of light on the photographic paper or film.

A variant of the sensitometry Farbsensitometrie at which the spectral response is measured.

Literature
* Ansel Adams :

o The camera . Christian publishing house, Munich 2000, ISBN 3-88472-070-8 , ( The New Ansel Adams Photo Library ), (English edition The Camera . Bulfinch Press, Boston MA et al 1995, ISBN 0-8212-2184-1 , ( Ansel Adams Photography Series )).

o The negative . Christian publishing house, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-88472-071-6 , ( The New Ansel Adams Photo Library ), (English edition: The Negative Bulfinch Press, Boston MA et al 1995. ISBN 0-8212-2186-8 , ( Ansel Adams Photography Series )).

o The positive. The photographic image as positive . Christian publishing house, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-88472-072-4 , ( The New Ansel Adams Photo Library ).

* Josef Maria Eder : Comprehensive Handbook of Photography . Volume 3, Part 4: The sensitometry, photographic photometry and spectrography. (The Schwärzungsgesetze photographic layers, intense light sources, examination of sensitivity, gradation of the playing area of exposure, the copy of the scope and focus. Sensitometry of X-rays) .

3rd completely reworked and enlarged edition. Knapp, Halle (Saale), 1930th

* Hans Arens: color metrics . Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1951, ( Scientia Photographica. Monographs of the total area of scientific photography 1, ZDB-ID 537570-8 ).

* Jost J. Marchesi: Ilford negative technique . Verlag Photographie, Gilching 1995, ISBN 3-933131-23-5.

The Densitometry is the quantitative Measurement the color density (Solid density), Ie the amount of ink per unit area. Here are LevelsBut no Shades determined. Densitometry is used in the Photography and Reproductive Technology used treatment, providing for quality assurance.

The word "densitometry" is also used to Bone density measurementThat bone densitometry is used. This is an investigation to determine whether a patient has Osteoporosis (Bone loss) is suffering.

Densitometry is based on the Linearity between the amount of color and optical density. The more color, the less light is reflected or transmitted.

Principle: A measuring instrument is first calibrated on the carrier medium to an untreated point to zero. Then it emits light of a precisely defined Wavelength on the color layer. The light penetrates the paint layer and it is filtered, which eliminated certain wavelengths or in their Intensity (physics) be reduced.

The remaining light is from the (mostly white) substrate either reflected and again passes through the color layer, or in the case of a transparent medium (film, foil, ...), occurs on the back again. Now the quantity of light and light can type in the meter photoelectric be measured. The Reflectivity value R, Or Transmission value T can be determined.

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